If Ω were equal to 1, the Universe would be flat, extending like an infinite plane in all directions. Then the acceleration will become so strong that it will overpower the action of the forces holding the atoms together, and everything will break apart. First, the external acceleration of the Universe will eventually tear galaxies and stars apart in trillions of years, leaving all matter cold and lonely. In this case, its ultimate fate is a “Big Freeze” followed by a “Big Contract”. If the Universe is closed, but there is dark energy, the spherical Universe will expand forever.Īlternatively, if Ω is less than 1, then the geometry of the space will be “open”. If there were no dark energy, such a Universe would eventually stop expanding and instead begin to contract, eventually collapsing on its own in an event named the “Big Contract”. If Ω is greater than 1, then spacetime would be “closed”, like the surface of a huge sphere. The fate of the Universe strongly depends on a factor of unknown value: Ω, or a measure of the density of matter and energy in the entire cosmos. What is the fate of the Universe? How will our Universe die? Photo: Unsplash How and why this happened, there is no generally accepted explanation to this day. Stars, galaxies, planets and even us were formed from it. For some reason, there was extra matter left in the Universe that did not annihilate. But if this happened, then there would be a complete annihilation of both: protons would converge with antiprotons, electrons with positrons, neutrons with antineutrons, etc. In theory, an equal amount of matter and antimatter should have been formed at the time of the Big Bang. But why is that? The answer to this question will help explain why something exists in the Universe at all. There is much more ordinary matter than its oppositely charged and rotating in opposite directions “twin” of antimatter. Unevenness of matter and antimatter Why was there so much more ordinary matter than antimatter? Photo: Unsplash This means that there are infinitely many parallel universes: cosmic areas exactly like ours, as well as areas that differ in the position of just one particle, and also areas that differ in the position of two particles, and so on up to the strangest Universes in which even the laws of physics are different. In the case of an infinite number of cosmic spots, the arrangement of particles inside them has to be repeated infinitely many times. At the same time, the laws of quantum mechanics dictate that there are a finite number of possible configurations of particles within each cosmic region (10,000,000 000 122 different variations). If this is the case, then the region of our visible Universe with a diameter of 93 billion light years is just one spot in an infinitely large multiverse. Photo: UnsplashĪstrophysical data suggest that spacetime may be “flat” rather than curved. But the main question here is, why was entropy so low in the past? In other words, why was the Universe so orderly at the beginning of its existence, when a huge amount of energy was concentrated in a small space? Multiverse Multiverse and its mystery. By the way, your room cleaning is a kind of “struggle with entropy”. The fact that entropy increases is an unsolved question of physics: as things change, they tend to come into disarray. Entropy means that the level of chaos only increases over time and there is no way to reverse it. It is also called “entropy”, familiar to us from the laws of thermodynamics. Moreover, it moves only “forward” and this process is irreversible. One of the most important properties of the Universe is the passage of time. Irreversibility of time and entropy Why are time and entropy irreversible? Photo: Unsplash But below you are waiting for other, no less intriguing riddles. It is worth noting that the list did not include such unexplained and strange phenomena as dark matter, dark energy and black holes because we wrote about them in an article about the biggest mysteries of the Universe. Photo: UnsplashĮspecially for the International Day of Physics, we have compiled a brief overview of the biggest unsolved problems in physics. Brief overview of the most unsolved problems in modern physics. It seems that every new discovery opens a Pandora’s box and generates more and more riddles, which theoretical physicists have been struggling with for decades. Today, no physicist would dare to claim that humanity has found answers to all questions about the Universe and the world around us. It remains only to make more and more accurate measurements.” Three decades later, quantum mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized physics. There is a legend that in 1900 the English physicist Lord Kelvin said: “Now there is nothing new in physics.
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